The first step of a routine eye examination is to listen to the patient's complaints about vision problems. According to the characteristics of the complaints, in a routine eye examination, first of all, the eyebrows, eyelids and gaze position of the eyes are observed in terms of external appearance. With the help of computerized ORM (Autorefractometer) and retinoscope, the patient's refraction error is measured. Visual acuities of both eyes without glasses and with glasses are determined. In the biomicroscopy examination, eyelashes, conjunctiva, cornea and other anterior segment elements of the eye are carefully examined. The eye pressure is then measured. Refraction Defects (Refraction) Images of light and objects are refracted in the transparent layer of the eye (cornea) and lens layer and reach the visual point on the retina. In a normal eye, the rays coming from the outside are refracted in the cornea and lens and fall into the visual center, providing a clear image. Along with the refractive error, disorders may occur in the cornea, lens, visual layer or optic nerve. People with refractive errors should undergo regular eye and fundus examination every year. The most important symptoms of refractive errors are low vision, pain and discomfort in the eyes. The names given to the defects are farsightedness (myopia), nearsightedness (hypermetropia), different horizontal or vertical refractors of the eye (astigmatism), and age-related nearsightedness (presbyopia). There are several alternatives so that people with refractive errors can see clearly. With appropriate glasses, lenses or excimer laser treatment, refractive errors can be corrected. Retinal detachment, hypertension, brain tumor and symptoms of various diseases in the body can be detected. Cataract and Its Treatment (Facoemulsification) Cataract is the loss of transparency of the natural lens in the eye. It occurs at a rate of 90% due to age, but it can be seen in any age group, including infants. Painless vision loss, glare or increased sensitivity to light, pale and yellowing colors, and deterioration of night vision are common symptoms of cataracts. The only treatment for cataract is surgery. Cataract surgery is performed in our hospitals with the latest method FAKO (Facoemulsification) technique developed in the world. The quality and type of the lens placed in the eye are the most important factors affecting the success of the surgery. In our hospitals, FDA (US Department of Health) approved aspheric designed intraocular lenses containing special coating and filters are used.

Distance-near compatible (multifocal / trifocal) intraocular lenses can also be used according to the patient's preference. Glaucoma and Its Treatment (Eye Pressure) Glaucoma occurs as a result of insufficient drainage of the fluid due to the formation of structural obstruction in the channels that discharge the intraocular fluid, and consequently the increase in intraocular pressure. The increased eye pressure damages the optic nerve and causes nerve death. An insidious increase in eye pressure, which does not cause any symptoms, is a disease that can cause sudden blindness. Blurred vision, severe eye pain, headache, nausea, vomiting and moire vision are among the signs of glaucoma. Regular eye exams by your doctor are the most effective way to detect glaucoma. Vision loss in the eye due to glaucoma is irreversible. drop therapy, laser surgery (argon laser) and surgical interventions are applied to prevent further losses. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Nerve Fiber Analyzer (NFA), corneal pachymetry and computerized visual field are applied as examination methods to determine the optic nerve condition. Pediatric Autorefractometer, which we use in some of our Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinics, has facilitated the examination of children. For the measurement, it will be sufficient for the patient to look at an illuminated disc from a distance of only meters. Routine examinations are required in newborns, 1 year old and 3 years old. Especially for children with a family history of eye disorders, examinations in early diagnosis and treatment are of great benefit. Strabismus The deterioration of the parallelism of the eyes when looking at a point is called strabismus. Causes of strabismus;

Sliding Patterns Inward Slip (Esotropia) Outward Slip (Exotropia) Down Slip (Hypotropia) Up Slip (Hypertropia) The aim of the treatment for strabismus is to increase vision, correct the double vision of the head position, provide eye movements and eliminate aesthetic complaints. Strabismus is treated with surgical methods. Oculoplastic Surgery is a branch dealing with eyelid turning in or out, correction of wrinkles around the eyes, removal of bags on the lower lid, operations of tear duct obstruction, removal of congenital, aging or trauma-induced deformities of the eyelids, prosthetic eye construction and treatment of eye tumors. .

Retinal Diseases WHAT IS RETINA, VITREUS AND MACULA? Retina, It is the layer of nerve cells covering the back wall of the eyeball, which enables the perception of the image consisting of millions of light-sensitive cells. The perceived image is transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve and vision is provided. If the eyeball is likened to a camera, the retina is the sensor where the light falls. The middle part of this sensor, which provides central and sharp vision, is called the macula. The fluid that fills the eyeball and has the consistency of egg white is called vitreous. Retinal and vitreous diseases are often associated with each other. What are Common Retinal Diseases? Diabetic retinopathy due to diabetes Retinal tear and retinal detachment Age-related macular degeneration (yellow spot disease) Macular hole Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker) Retinal vein occlusions Retinal artery occlusions Which Examinations and Tests Are Used in Retinal Examination? Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) Optical Cohorence Tomography (OCT) Ultrasonography (USG) Methods used in the treatment of retinal diseases VITREORETINAL SURGERY These are surgeries related to the vitreous, gel-like transparent structure that fills the eye cavity, and retina. For various reasons (such as trauma, diabetes, uveitis, intraocular hemorrhages), the vitreous deteriorates and vision loss may develop. Membranes are formed in the vitreous, which can cause retinal tears and retinal detachment by making retinal shrinkages. In addition, holes and thin membranes may form on the macula surface, which provides central vision. The treatment for all these disorders is surgery. In this surgery, the eye is entered under the microscope and with the help of retinal imaging systems, the vitreous is eaten with special instruments in the eye cavity and balanced special solutions are placed in its place, bleeding is stopped, the membranes formed on the retinal surface are peeled off and cleaned. This is microsurgery. During the operation, laser, various dyes to paint the membranes and buffer materials such as silicon and gas are used. In addition, holes and thin membranes may form on the macula surface, which provides central vision. The treatment for all these disorders is surgery. In this surgery, the eye is entered under the microscope and with the help of retinal imaging systems, the vitreous is eaten with special instruments in the eye cavity and balanced special solutions are placed in its place, bleeding is stopped, the membranes formed on the retinal surface are peeled off and cleaned. This is microsurgery. During the operation, laser, various dyes to paint the membranes and buffer materials such as silicon and gas are used. In addition, holes and thin membranes may form on the macula surface, which provides central vision. The treatment for all these disorders is surgery. In this surgery, the eye is entered under the microscope and with the help of retinal imaging systems, the vitreous is eaten with special instruments in the eye cavity and balanced special solutions are placed in its place, bleeding is stopped, the membranes formed on the retinal surface are peeled off and cleaned. This is microsurgery. During the operation, laser, various dyes to paint the membranes and buffer materials such as silicon and gas are used. Under the microscope and with the help of retinal imaging systems, the vitreous is eaten with special instruments in the eye cavity and balanced special solutions are put in its place, the bleeding is stopped, the membranes formed on the retinal surface are peeled and cleaned, the fluid accumulated under the retina is drained in cases of detachment, and retinal adhesion is ensured. This is microsurgery. During the operation, laser, various dyes to paint the membranes and buffer materials such as silicon and gas are used. Under the microscope and with the help of retinal imaging systems, the vitreous is eaten with special instruments in the eye cavity and balanced special solutions are put in its place, the bleeding is stopped, the membranes formed on the retinal surface are peeled and cleaned, the fluid accumulated under the retina is drained in cases of detachment, and retinal adhesion is ensured. This is microsurgery. During the operation, laser, various dyes to paint the membranes and buffer materials such as silicon and gas are used.

These operations are performed without stitches, and anatomical and functional improvement can be achieved with the operation. INTRAVITREAL ANTIVEGF APPLICATIONS In cases such as diabetic retinopathy and wet-type age-related macular degeneration (yellow spot disease), intraocular drug applications called anti-VEGF are applied. It is applied at intervals of 4-6 weeks. It is done in an operating room setting to minimize the risk of infection. It is usually painless as it is anesthetized with eye drops. Some patients may feel a slight stinging for a short time. ARGON LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION APPLICATIONS If diabetic macular edema or new vessel formations (proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and retinal tears are detected, laser treatment is also an important treatment method. It is desired to be done without intraocular bleeding. It may not be done if the intraocular bleeding is excessive. CORNEAL TRANSPLANT ( KERATOPLASTY ) What is the cornea? The cornea is a transparent and dome-shaped tissue located at the front of the outer layer of the eye. Just behind this transparent structure is the iris, which gives the color of the eye. The cornea has two main functions. The first is to protect the structures inside the eye, and the second is to refract the light coming from the outside and focus it clearly on the nerve base called the retina, which provides vision. The highest refraction of the eye is in the cornea layer, so a clouding or deformity in the cornea severely impairs vision. What does corneal transplant mean? Corneal transplantation is the operation of removing the corneal tissue that has lost its transparency or deformed and replacing it with a healthy corneal tissue taken from the dead. Eye transplantation is used instead of corneal transplantation as a misconception among the people. It is the corneal layer that is transplanted in the eye within the possibilities of today's medicine. There is no transplant of the eyeball. Why is corneal transplant done? The corneal tissue, which is normally transparent and veinless, may become cloudy for various reasons, with the formation of scar tissue or due to edema (swelling). Clouding of the cornea causes the incoming light not to be refracted properly and reduces vision. In some cases, there may be severe pain with cloudy cornea. A corneal transplant can be done to improve vision, reduce pain, or preserve eye integrity. It causes the incoming light not to be refracted properly and reduces vision. In some cases, there may be severe pain with cloudy cornea. A corneal transplant can be done to improve vision, reduce pain, or preserve eye integrity. It causes the incoming light not to be refracted properly and reduces vision. In some cases, there may be severe pain with cloudy cornea. A corneal transplant can be done to improve vision, reduce pain, or preserve eye integrity.

In which cases a corneal transplant may be required? If the cells that keep the cornea clear after eye surgery are damaged and the cornea becomes cloudy If the dome shape of the cornea is distorted, for example conical (keratoconus) In some hereditary corneal diseases If scar tissue and new vascularization occur in the cornea due to infection (for example, after Herpes -herpes virus-keratitis) If the cornea becomes cloudy or its integrity is severely impaired due to accidents, if the body rejects the tissue after corneal transplantation. RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURES Retinopathy of Prematurity is defined as one of the most important health problems seen in the eyes of premature babies. The veins in babies' eyes develop until the baby is born. Since this development is not completed in preterm babies, it continues after birth. Oxygen given in high concentrations to keep premature babies alive can cause abnormal development of the vessels in the eye. As a result, retinopathy of prematurity, also known as ROP, occurs in the retinas of infants whose vascularization is incomplete. If not treated early, it causes blindness in both eyes. For this reason, babies born prematurely should definitely go through an eye doctor control. Which Infants Have Retinopathy of Prematurity Mostly? A normal pregnancy lasts 40 weeks or 280 days. If delivery occurs before 37 weeks is complete, the baby is considered premature. Babies born less than 2,500 grams are called low birth weight babies. Two-thirds of these babies are premature. The most common group with retinopathy of prematurity is those born under 1,000 grams. Therefore 1. ROP examination must be performed in all babies born below 500 grams and before the 32nd week. Early diagnosis and treatment of ROP in newborn babies is possible with the collaboration of specialized pediatricians and ophthalmologists. In addition, lung and cardiovascular diseases, severe infections and brain problems in infants increase the risk of retinopathy. It can cause blindness in both eyes when diagnosed early and treated late. When Should Babies Have Eye Examination? Eye examination should be done between 4-6 weeks after birth. Success in the treatment of ROP, which has five stages from mild to severe, is related to the stage of the disease. While follow-up is sufficient in the first two stages, intravitreal anti-VEGF injection from the third stage, laser or cryo treatment should be started. Because the disease gives the best treatment result in the third stage, and a successful result cannot be obtained in the mandatory surgical intervention in the fourth and fifth stages. Ophthalmological examination of all newborn babies in the first month is important not only for ROP, but also for the timely diagnosis of many eye diseases, such as glaucoma, lacrimal duct obstruction and strabismus, and for successful treatment.